Non-displaced fractures may be difficult to identify on conventional radiographs because the fracture fragments remain anatomically aligned and the fracture line can be subtle or occult. This study evaluated the diagnostic accuracy of plain X-ray for...
Climate change and rising ambient temperatures pose significant risks to maternal and neonatal health, particularly in climate-vulnerable countries such as Pakistan. This study examined the association between maternal heat exposure and adverse pregnancy...
The current work is focused on providing qualitative analysis of plant named Moringa Oleifera. The investigations not only focus on primary data but also on elucidation of secondary data . The aim of the study is to explore the overview of herbal science...
Urinary tract infection (UTI) is among the most prevalent bacterial infections in children and, when diagnosis and treatment are delayed, may progress to kidney complications. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of sonographic findings in pediatric...
Chronic diseases arise when multiple cells, immune mediators, metabolites, and resident microbes interact within a complex, spatially organised tissue microenvironment. Bulk omics has shed light on many molecular changes (genes and microbial taxa)...
Fungi are one of the least protected elements of the biodiversity in the Hindu Kush Himalayan region. District Swat, Pakistan, has a good representation of macrofungal diversity comprising morels (Morchella spp.), commercially harvested wood-decay...
The aim of this present study was to investigate the use of medicinal plants for the treatment of Nephrolithiasis ailment in the Khuzdar district province of Balochistan, Pakistan. The ethnobotanical data were collected through free listing, structure and...
Medicinal plant biodiversity represents a critical nexus of cultural heritage, ecological integrity, and pharmaceutical innovation. However, the accelerating loss of plant diversity and associated traditional knowledge systems highlights the need for...
University campuses in semi-arid, human-modified landscapes are increasingly recognized as refuges for urban biodiversity, yet integrated assessments comparing terrestrial and aquatic compartments within a single institutional footprint remain scarce in...
This Research Study analyze the Biomechanical performance (Stress Strain and Displacement) Fixation Plates used for fixing the Femur Fracture. The Femur Anatomy and Fixation Plates were designed in CAD tool and further Biomechanical performance were...
Background: Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are a leading cause of mortality in Pakistan. Although biotechnology-driven vaccines offer transformative potential for CVD management, their localized manufacturing and quality control (QC) remain underexplored...
Genomic integrity is essential for healthy cellular function. Although cellular processes are highly sophisticated and have numerous checkpoints, there are many points where our DNA gets damaged, which can lead to the development of several disorders. To...
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Fatty liver is a common liver condition, often incidentally diagnosed by ultrasonography. It is strongly linked with metabolic risk factors, such as obesity, diabetes, and hypertension, and has emerged as a significant public health issue. Aim: To...
Artificial intelligence (AI)-assisted ultrasound may improve the detection of hepatic and abdominal pathologies, particularly in resource-limited settings with limited access to advanced imaging and specialist expertise. To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy...
Urticarial vasculitis (UV) is a rare inflammatory condition characterized by recurrent wheals lasting more than 24 hours and histopathological evidence of small-vessel leukocytoclastic vasculitis. Its unpredictable course may affect attendance,...
Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB) — resistance to isoniazid and rifampicin plus fluoroquinolones and at least one additional Group A drug (bedaquiline or linezolid)2,3 — represents the most severe and least treatable form of tuberculosis in...
Background: β-thalassemia major is a hereditary hemoglobin disorder caused by mutations in the β-globin gene, leading to ineffective erythropoiesis and transfusion dependence. Blood transfusions are the primary management strategy of this disorder, but...
Recurrent disturbances of the vaginal microbiome during pregnancy represent an important clinical concern because alterations in microbial composition may influence maternal reproductive health and pregnancy outcomes. A healthy vaginal microbiome is...
Prostate MRI is central to the diagnostic pathway for suspected organ-confined prostate cancer; however, interpretation remains reader-dependent and sensitive to variability in scanners, protocols, annotations, and reference standards. Deep learning models...
Objective: To compare the occurrence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and selected antimicrobial resistance genes in hospital and municipal wastewater. Methods: This comparative cross-sectional laboratory-based study was conducted at the...
In this study, genotoxic effects of polyethylene micro-plastics (PE-MPs) on a commercially and ecologically significant species of freshwater fish, Barilius vagra were evaluated in the stretch of the Kabul river, Pakistan. The fish were sampled from nine...
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder for which timely and reliable assessment is important. Structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) provides useful anatomical information, but manual review is time-consuming and subject...
Biochar has proven to be an eco-friendly soil amendment, that can improve soil quality and increase long-term carbon sequestration. A total of 100 experimental soil samples were used to assess the effect of four biochar application levels (0%, 2%, 5% and...
The current research was conducted with the objective to estimate agronomic traits of wheat landraces and modern cultivars the heritability, variability among different agronomic characters in bread wheat genotypes in wheat Triticum aestivum L ....
Background. Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is an aggressive malignancy with poor survival and late presentation. Robust, interpretable transcriptomic classifiers that generalise across independent cohorts remain scarce. We aimed to derive a...
Background: This study investigates the relationship between fetal bladder dimensions, gestational age, and amniotic fluid index (AFI) during the third trimester of pregnancy. The fetal bladder plays a key role in assessing renal function and...
Objective: To evaluate alterations in key hematological parameters and determine their association with dengue infection severity among patients at ANMCH Islamabad. Study Design: Cross-sectional analytical study. Place and...
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a growing worldwide clinical crisis, with extensive horizontal transfer of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) among bacterial species playing a key role. ARG-bearing strains are under strong positive selection, a trend that...
Background: Gestational weight gain (GWG) and prenatal micronutrient supplementation are both critical determinants of neonatal anthropometric outcomes. While their independent effects have been extensively studied, the interaction between these two...
Background: Coronary artery disease (CAD) remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, with dyslipidemia and poor dietary adherence representing modifiable risk factors. Nurse-guided nutrition interventions have emerged as a promising...
Bundibugyo virus (BDBV), an emerging orthoebolavirus, was first detected in Uganda in 2007 and has historically received less scientific and public attention than Ebola virus and Sudan virus. The current outbreak in Central Africa provides an opportunity to...
Wastewater has numerous detrimental influences on aquatic life due to manifestation of poisonous, heavy metals and other poisonous organic compounds. Organic micropollutants in aqueous medium can be despoiled by heterogenous photocatalysis. Therefore,...
Background: Aegle marmelos (L.), Rutaceae has been widely used in traditional medicines in South and Southeast Asian countries. Although it is documented for its ethnopharmacological relevance, comprehensive and standard documentation of its...
Background: Tooth movement in orthodontic treatment involves a complex biological cascade of periodontal bone remodeling. Due to inter-individual variability in tissue response to force, empirical management often...
Scleroderma sichuanensis is an ectoparasitoid wasp used in the biological control of wood-boring beetles. This study examines the sublethal effects of three insecticides-emamectin benzoate and matrine on the host-seeking behavior of female S....
The present study evaluated the effects of Trichoderma-enriched soil (green soil), inorganic fertilizer, and their combined application on the growth and grain yield of two wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars, Khyber-23 and Gulzar-19. The...
Background: Avian aspergillosis, primarily caused by Aspergillus fumigatus, poses a significant threat to global broiler production, leading to respiratory distress, immunosuppression, elevated mortality, and reduced feed efficiency. With growing...
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is a complex autoimmune condition marked by a breakdown in immune tolerance, leading to the production of autoantibodies against self-antigens. Disease progression is driven by these autoantibodies through immune complex...
Background: Urolithiasis is a clinically significant cause of lower urinary tract disease. Clinicopathological data from Pakistan is absent from the published literature. Objective: To characterize the risk factor profile, clinical sign, urinalysis...
Intercropping is an effective strategy for improving land-use efficiency and total system productivity by enabling complementary resource use among component crops. A field experiment was conducted during the 2022 growing season at the Research Area of the...
Drought is one of the most harmful abiotic stresses that limit wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production worldwide and genetic modification can be a complementary approach to conventional breeding to enhance drought resistance. This review summarizes...
Escherichia coli is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped, aerobic, facultative anaerobe, having a mutualistic, commensal, and opportunistic pathogenic relationship with its host. This bacterium has developed resistance to various antibiotics. Resistance to...
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine disorder among women of reproductive age, characterised by hyperandrogenism, ovulatory dysfunction, and polycystic ovarian morphology, and is associated with substantial metabolic, reproductive,...
Targeted nanoparticle drug delivery has emerged as a promising approach for improving the therapeutic performance of anticancer drugs while reducing systemic toxicity during cancer treatment. This quantitative experimental study evaluated the effect of...
In individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), gastrointestinal issues are the most common comorbidities with a very high incidence rate. This phenomenon precisely confirms the strength of the functional connection of the gut-brain axis—the two-way...
Intensive farming systems have increased agricultural output, but continuous cultivation, repeated tillage, high crop removal, and insufficient organic matter recycling have accelerated the decline of essential soil nutrients. This paper assesses soil...
Over the last two decades, ultra-processed foods (UPFs) have become the staple of the diets of most people in the world today, and the question one now has to ask is: what is happening to the trillions of microbes in the human gut? This review compiled the...
The electronic structure and optoelectronic properties of conjugated systems incorporating 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) and thiophene units were investigated using density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Geometry optimizations were performed at...
Background: Degenerative disc disease is a common cause of chronic back pain, leg pain, disability, and reduced quality of life. Open spine surgery has remained a standard treatment for many years, but minimally invasive techniques are now being used...
Background : Preschool children continue to be a significant public health issue in low and middle income countries due to micronutrient deficiencies, and this is closely linked to environmental, nutritional and socioeconomic factors. Nutritional...
Background: Menstrual hygiene is an important component of adolescent reproductive health, yet many girls in low- and middle-income countries continue to experience difficulties due to inadequate knowledge, limited resources, and socio-cultural...
Background. Trace-metal contamination is increasing across South Asia, but tissue-specific exposure data for urban passerines in Pakistan remain limited. The sedentary, granivorous House Sparrow (Passer domesticus) is therefore a useful sentinel of...
Background Infection prevention and control (IPC) is a critical component of healthcare practice, particularly among nursing students who are frequently exposed to clinical environments. Adequate knowledge and proper practices are essential to...
Background : Optimizing total mixed ration (TMR) formulation, to maximize lactation performance and feed conversion efficiency, continues to be a basic need of high yield dairy herds. Objective: To investigate the quantitative...
Gastrointestinal nematode infections are an important constraint on cattle health, productivity,and farm profitability. The supplied literature identifies Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Cooperia, Oesophagostomum, Trichuris, and Strongyloides among commonly...
Background: Hospital-acquired hyponatremia (HAH) is a common and potentially preventable electrolyte abnormality in hospitalized children. It may lead to cerebral edema, seizures, encephalopathy, and death. Reported frequencies vary widely across...
Background: Although proper antibiotic prophylaxis is used for surgery, surgical site infection (SSI) is still a major postoperative problem indicating that there are patient-related, surgical, and microbial factors that remain associated with the risk of...
Background : Hematological abnormalities are common complications in HIV infection. While cytopenias are common even on ART, the prognosis is better. Objective : To assess relationship of CD4+ T-cell count and hematological parameters in...
Background Infection prevention and control (IPC) is a critical component of healthcare practice, particularly among nursing students who are frequently exposed to clinical environments. Adequate knowledge and proper practices are essential to...
Background: Conventional drug delivery systems often fail to provide controlled and site-specific release, leading to reduced therapeutic efficiency and increased systemic side effects. Stimuli-responsive nanoparticles have emerged as a promising...
Background: Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major global health challenge, particularly in developing countries where prolonged treatment duration, drug-related adverse effects, and poor adherence continue to affect therapeutic outcomes. Conventional oral...
Background Acute leukemia relapse remains a major challenge despite improvements in chemotherapy and supportive treatment approaches. Early identification of patients at increased risk of relapse is essential for improving disease monitoring and...
Background: Cerumen is a normal, protective secretion of the external auditory canal, but when it accumulates and obstructs the canal it becomes one of the commonest causes of reversible conductive hearing loss. In children, even mild hearing loss...
Background: Antimicrobial resistance has increased the need for new antibacterial candidates from natural sources. Salvadora persica is a medicinal plant with reported antibacterial effects due to its rich phytochemical contents. Methods: Methanolic...
Bioscience is a multidisciplinary field that focuses on the study of living organisms, cells, genes, and biological processes. It plays an important role in advancing scientific knowledge and addressing challenges related to human health, agriculture,...
Background: Maintaining genome stability requires DNA repair mechanisms to repair the damages to DNA before they become permanent. If these repair mechanisms fail, mutations can slowly build up in the genome, and may make it more prone to different...
Background Urban environments harbor diverse bacterial communities across water, soil, and air-deposition niches, yet systematic phylogenetic surveys from South Asian megacities remain scarce. Whether niche type predicts taxonomic composition...
Background: Abnormal amniotic fluid volume (AFV) is frequently encountered in high-risk obstetric practice and may reflect placental insufficiency, maternal disease, fetal growth disturbance, or congenital pathology. Amniotic Fluid Index (AFI) and...
Background: Menstrual hygiene management (MHM) is a significant public health concern, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), where socio-cultural taboos, inadequate knowledge, and limited resources hinder safe and dignified menstrual...
Background: Iron deficiency anemia is a major public health problem among children under five years of age and is associated with impaired growth, cognitive development, and increased susceptibility to infections. Objective: To determine...
Background: Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) remains an effective treatment for advanced coronary artery disease; however, early graft dysfunction continues to affect postoperative outcomes. Current intraoperative graft assessment methods mainly...
Bone metastasis is a clinically significant complication of advanced malignancy, and its prompt and accurate identification is essential for staging, treatment planning, and the prevention of skeletal-related events. Technetium-99m ( 99m Tc) bone...
Background: Pressure ulcers (PUs), also known as bedsores or decubitus ulcers, represent one of the most common and preventable complications in hospitalized patients worldwide.¹ They occur when localized soft tissue is compressed between a bony...
Wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) is an important cereal crop, and the identification and utilization of genetically diverse germplasm are essential for improving grain yield and associated agronomic traits. The...
Background: Developmental delay during early childhood can negatively affect children’s learning, communication, social participation, and overall functioning. Early identification of developmental difficulties and associated risk factors is therefore...
Background: Artificial intelligence is becoming a common learning support tool in higher education. Students now use AI tools for explanation, revision, idea generation, and academic writing support. However, there is still concern that frequent...
Background: Mining is important for human sustenance and an essential division in the national economy. On the other hand, its effects on the environment and mountain biodiversity cannot be taking too lightly. Which are effective to attract government’s...
Background: Maternal hypertensive disorders and oligohydramnios are individually recognized as significant risk factors for adverse neonatal outcomes. However, the synergistic impact of their coexistence on neonatal morbidity, specifically the rate of...
Background: X-rays are still the principal imaging technique used at the initial assessment of fractured bones. The identification of subtle fractures is somewhat difficult, however, especially if the fracture line is small, little displaced, and in an...
HEC Y-Category Journal
