The aim of current study was to investigate the prevalence of male infertility and semen abnormalities in Gilgit, Pakistan, through the identification of common semen abnormalities. The study was conducted from November 2024 to May 2025 at Family Health...
Brucella abortus is an important zoonotic, Gram-negative bacterium responsible for brucellosis, a disease that can be transmitted from infected animals to humans through direct contact with infected animals or consumption of contaminated,...
Background: Chronic nonspecific low back pain (CNSLBP) is a common musculoskeletal condition associated with persistent pain, functional disability, and reduced physical performance. McKenzie therapy and core stabilization exercises are widely used...
The present study focused on the development and optimization of an artificial intelligence (AI)-based biomedical imaging system for early disease detection and diagnosis. A quantitative, experimental, and computational research design was adopted to...
Excessive release of synthetic dye into the environment has been reported by researchers and poses a major problem for water quality; thus, it is important to investigate inexpensive and less harmful...
Triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack) has higher yield potential and is tolerant to several environmental stresses, however, its grain quality is not as good as wheat. If the quality nutrient ie potassium (K) and the micronutrients zinc (Zn) and iron (Fe),...
Ozempic a GLP-1 Receptor agonist is formulated to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus, recently became one of the most famous medicine for weight loss due to endorsement of celebrities and viral marketing trends on social media. Ozempic acts by...
Topical therapies for acne vulgaris must be evaluated both in terms of antimicrobial activity and the feasibility of spreading over the skin. A biopolymer peel-off hydrogel mask loaded with neem extract and polyvinyl alcohol, gelatin, and Aloe vera gel was...
Objective: To determine the attitudes of BScN students toward the integration of artificial intelligence in future nursing practice and to examine their association with digital health literacy and perceived professional impact. Methods:...
Background: Polyhydramnios is conventionally associated with maternal diabetes and fetal macrosomia. However, emerging evidence suggests that birth weight outcomes in polyhydramnios are heterogeneous and influenced by underlying etiology, particularly...
The efficacy of four biopesticides comprised of various botanical extracts was determined in the field against major insect pests of grapes, which included mealybug, mites, and whitefly. The treatments included extracts of neem (Azadirachta indica), Tobacco...
It is well known that canine leptospirosis is a clinical disease in veterinary medicine, however, its importance as an epidemiological issue in a One Health context is only poorly investigated. This review reconsiders canine leptospirosis as not only a...
The world today is facing a unique food system challenge when it comes to meeting the complex need within the system for chronic disease prevalence, population aging and food needs that vary from person to person. This paper is a critical review of next...
Background: Postpartum depression (PPD) is a common mental health condition affecting mothers after childbirth, with implications for maternal and child well-being. Objective: To compare the prevalence and severity of PDD between primiparous and...
Indigenous communities have developed extensive knowledge of local plant resources through long-term interaction with their natural environment. This ethnobotanical knowledge contributes to traditional healthcare, food security, personal care, cultural...
Haleji lake is one of the famous Ramsar site conservative wetland in Thatta Sindh Pakistan existing under control of Sindh Wildlife Department Government of Pakistan. The Lake is located 24˚48’25.08” N and 67˚46’27.44” E on a global map. Water quality...
Background: Dental anxiety affects a substantial proportion of adults and is associated with avoidance of care and poorer oral health outcomes. Qualitative research has examined patients' subjective experience of this phenomenon, but individual studies...
Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) supply much of the data used in Internet of Things (IoT) systems, but their battery-powered nodes have limited energy and are exposed to security threats. This study describes a framework in which each sensor node uses...
Moringa oleifera (MO) is known around the world because of its high nutritive density and medicinal properties, but the development of a pleasant functional beverage using it has not received enough attention so far. The objective of...
Background: Neonatal sepsis remains a major cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality worldwide, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Despite advances in neonatal care, the burden of sepsis remains high due to the presence of preventable...
Major gynaecological surgeries are commonly performed to treat a wide range of benign and malignant conditions affecting women's reproductive health. Evaluating surgical outcomes and identifying factors associated with postoperative complications are...
Background: Clinical reasoning is fundamental to safe nursing practice, yet traditional clinical training offers limited patient exposure and variable learning experiences. Virtual simulation may offer a safe and accessible way to practice reasoning...
Background The increasing use of diagnostic imaging has improved disease detection and patient management; however, it has also increased occupational exposure concerns among healthcare workers involved in radiological procedures. Adequate knowledge...
Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is not a single uniform disorder but a heterogeneous metabolic condition, with wide variation among affected individuals in clinical presentation and cardiovascular (CV) hazard. Existing diagnostic frameworks fail...
Background: Kangaroo Mother Care (KMC) is an uncomplicated, low-cost, and evidence-based procedure of caring for preterm and low birth weight infants through continuous skin-to-skin contact and breastfeeding support. Even though its clinical benefits are...
The impacts of climate change are making corporate resilience a key strategic capability, given the growing risks that firms are facing, stemming from both physical and non-physical factors. Climate change is increasingly exposing firms to physical,...
Background Pain in the hip and groin region decreases the performance level of athletes, and it may affect the strength of the muscles in this region, cause changes in movement patterns, and also cause restrictions in performing their recreational...
Diabetic retinopathy is a major cause of preventable vision loss, and timely screening is essential because early disease stages may remain asymptomatic. This study presents EyeNova, a locally deployable web-based prototype for diabetic retinopathy...
Kalankar Lake is a natural freshwater wetland located at coordinates 25°34′43.07” N latitude and 69°35′28.99” E longitude, near the community of Dhoro Naro, situated in Sanghar and Umerkot districts, Sindh Pakistan. The Lake provides habitat to diversity of...
Pakistan’s coastline, extending 990 km along the northern Arabian Sea, lies entirely within the subtropical region. It comprises two distinct coastal segments the Sindh coast (about 320 km) and the Balochistan coast (about 670 km). In recent years, DNA...
There are no definite p fertilizer reduction guidelines for maize growers using beneficial microbes, resulting in economic and environmental problems. It was found that this field study was able to determine the possibility of growth of maize at low...
The engineering of high-performance biological systems has been fundamentally transformed by the convergence of CRISPR/Cas-based genome editing and systems biology. This review examines the synergistic integration of precision genome editing technologies...
Background: Messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines transformed prevention of COVID-19, yet no mRNA vaccine against any tropical infectious disease is licensed, and the availability of underlying public data has never been systematically quantified....
Background Sleep deprivation is a very common public health issue that has a negative impact on psychological health and cognitive function. Lack of sleep has been linked to mood problems, difficulty remembering, anxiety, nervousness, and a loss of...
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the leading causes of cancer morbidity and mortality and the molecular biomarkers may be useful for early detection and biological stratification. In this study, a comprehensive bioinformatics pipeline was employed to...
The peripheral neuropathy affecting the lower limbs reduces plantar sensation and propensity, and increases the falls risk. There is a lack of a head-on comparison between task-oriented exercises, and tactile stimulation. A total of 60 lower-limb peripheral...
The accelerated adoption of AI in nursing practice is a paradigmatic shift in the delivery of healthcare services, and intelligent systems are evolving from being a passive instrument of administration to an active cognitive agent in the 5IR healthcare...
Scorpionism is a major health issue in the tropics and subtropics of the world; this phenomenon accounts for around 1.2 million stings and 3250 deaths each year. Although Pakistan is a subtropical country heavily affected by scorpion stings, no previous...
Diseases transmitted by mosquitoes continue to be a public health issue, leading to increased interest in plant-derived substitutes for artificial repellents. Essential oils show potential, yet their volatility restricts the duration of...
Background: Energy drinks are widely available and inexpensive in Pakistan, where they are consumed alongside a longstanding habit of daily tea drinking that is largely absent from the Western populations in which most energy drink research has been...
Background: People living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are increasingly vulnerable to skeletal complications despite improvements in survival associated with antiretroviral therapy (ART). Reduced bone mineral density (BMD) may develop during...
Background: The escalation of multidrug-resistant bacterial pathogens severely compromises conventional antibiotic therapies. Metal-based nanoparticles offer highly promising, multi-targeted antimicrobial properties, yet fragmented data regarding...
Background: Multidrug-resistant bacterial infections remain difficult to treat and control. Whole-genome sequencing can reveal acquired resistance genes, resistance-associated mutations, virulence loci, and mobile genetic elements, but the presence of...
Background: Spent hens are usually discarded after egg production, but their meat can be used to make useful food products. Converting spent hen meat into chicken patties increases its value and reduces waste. Objective: This study was...
Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) is an important surgical intervention for patients with coronary artery disease, particularly those experiencing impaired cardiac function. This study aimed to evaluate surgical outcomes among patients...
Pneumonia is the leading infectious cause of death in children under five years of age, and its burden falls most heavily on low- and middle-income countries. Chest radiography is the first-line imaging test for diagnosis, but interpretation is...
Background: Peak summer environmental heat stress severely depresses the productivity and physiological status of dairy buffaloes in South Asia, causing substantial economic losses to smallholder and commercial dairy operations. Objective:...
Cadmium (Cd) is a key contaminant which leads to oxidative stress, gut damage and gut microbiom disruption in aquatic species. Under environmental stress, probiotics are suggested to be the dietary intervention which can maintain fish health. The aim of...
Background: Cervical radiculopathy is diagnosed when pain and sensory disturbances originating from a compressed or irritated cervical nerve root radiate into the arm, often with associated disability. Most conservative treatments involve neural...
In this study, a quantitative evaluation of microplastic (MP) contamination, antibiotic resistance gene (ARG) loads and physicochemical parameters was demonstrated through the various stages of municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Based on the...
The current research was conducted with the objective to estimate evaluation of variability, genetic advance and correlations in wheat. Sixty-four wheat advance lines were grown in alpha lattice designed during 2022-2023 at Cereal Crops Research Institute...
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Background: Hematological malignancies can affect profound chemotherapy-induced bone marrow suppression, which can assign patients at risk for life-threatening neutropenia and thrombocytopenia. Conventional recovery markers like absolute neutrophil sums...
This study investigated the extraction yield, chemical fingerprint profiles, antibacterial activity, and preliminary cytotoxicity of Corydalis govaniana var. swatensis. Three plant-material batches were examined, and the crude extract was compared with...
Migraine is a major cause of disability in young adults, especially medical students, due to the academic stress and lifestyle-related factors. This study aims to assess knowledge, attitude, and practices regarding migraine prevention among medical...
Toxoplasma gondii is an intracellular zoonotic parasite capable of infecting all warm-blooded animals, including humans, dogs and birds. Its infectivity may result in serious health problems, particularly in immunocompromised patients and pregnant women....
Background: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a seen cause of anovulatory infertility, more times driven by underlying insulin resistance. Letrozole is the most commonly used drug for ovulation induction, but letrozole resistance and therapeutic failure...
Background: Oral cancer is a growing public health concern in Pakistan, particularly in rural communities where smokeless tobacco, gutka, naswar, and areca nut consumption are common. Limited awareness of risk factors and early warning signs may delay...
Effective communication is a crucial element of palliative nursing care, particularly when patients and families are struggling with uncertainty, emotional discomfort, evolving care goals, and complicated informational requirements. The purpose of this...
Diabetes-specific distress is a significant emotional burden with daily life of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This article's underlying paper was a physical activity-based approach with psychological support for patients with diabetes-specific distress....
Background: Dwell time in a high speed rotary press (20-80 rpm) is decreased which leads to increased friability, capping and lamination. The conventional testing is destructive, and is not suitable for time-on-line monitoring. Objective:...
Lung cancer continues to impose a substantial global healthcare burden, necessitating advanced pharmaceutical approaches for accelerating anticancer drug discovery and improving precision-guided therapeutic interventions. This study presents an integrated...
Emerging infectious diseases are a major threat to aquatic animal health, productivity and sustainable food production in aquaculture. Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) and CRISPR-associated protein 9 (CRISPR-Cas9)...
Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production in Pakistan is significantly threatened by yellow rust (Puccinia striiformis f. sp. Tritici), which leads to considerable yield reductions under conducive environmental conditions. A field experiment was conducted...
Background: Multiligament knee reconstruction requires rehabilitation that restores function while protecting repaired structures. Objective: To evaluate the feasibility and exploratory outcomes of adding guarded reactive balance training...
Background: Typhoid fever remains a significant public health challenge in Pakistan, particularly among children. The emergence of extensively drug-resistant (XDR) Salmonella Typhi, which is resistant to first-line antibiotics, fluoroquinolones, and...
The design of nanomaterial-based electrochemical sensors has been the subject of increasing interest in biomedical research owing to their high sensitivity and fast responses to disease-related biomarkers. In this work, CuO nanoparticles were fabricated and...
Hepatitis B and C infections and hematological abnormalities such as anemia and thrombocytopenia, are critical health issues during pregnancy that pose serious risks to both maternal and fetal outcomes. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of...
Background: Post-restoration tooth sensitivity remains a common reason for patient dissatisfaction and unplanned revisits after direct restorative treatment. Bioactive glass–based restorative technologies may reduce sensitivity by promoting ion release,...
Biofertilizers based on beneficial fungi offer a sustainable complement to synthetic agrochemicals, yet their use in Pakistan remains limited, partly because locally produced formulations are scarce. This technical note describes the development and...
Traditional fruit-based fermented foods of Pakistan represent a rich intersection of cultural heritage, natural preservation, and functional nutrition. This review comprehensively analyzes the microbial fermentation processes and bioactive compound...
Background: Antimicrobial resistance in bacterial pathogens is increasingly becoming a concerning issue and alternative therapeutic agents that are environmentally friendly have to be developed. Green nanotechnology is also a sustainable solution since it...
Background: Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA), clubfoot, scoliosis, arthrogryposis multiplex congenita, and congenital limb deficits are examples of pediatric musculoskeletal malformations that require comprehensive, long-term care and...
Objective: To determine whether ultrasound-guided erector spinae plane block (ESPB), added to standardised general anaesthesia and multimodal analgesia, reduces 24-hour opioid consumption and postoperative pain compared with systemic analgesia alone...
Background: Glaucoma is a chronic eye disease that causes progressive damage to the optic nerve and remains one of the major causes of irreversible blindness worldwide. The disease often develops without noticeable symptoms, resulting in delayed...
Lateral epicondylitis (LE) is a recognised occupational musculoskeletal disorder (OMSD) and histologically it is a degenerative tendinosis of the common extensor origin, but there is a lack of data in relation to the chefs in Pakistan. This descriptive...
Sawdust of Dalbergia sissoo was pyrolyzed to biochar (DSBC) and used as a support for nickel ferrite (NiFe 2 O 4 ) to prepare a magnetically separable adsorbent for 4-nitrophenol (4-NP). The NiFe 2 O 4 /DSBC composite had a BET surface area of 148.6 m 2 /g,...
This genus has not been examined yet either by Light Microscopy or by Scanning Electron Microscopy, not only in Pakistan but all over the world. This is the first time that its micromorphological study of the pollens has been carried out. Systematic studies...
Mental disorders frequently remain undetected until symptoms become clinically significant, while conventional diagnostic approaches rely on intermittent assessments, subjective reporting, and trial-and-error treatment selection. This study proposes an...
Background: Heavy school bags are a modifiable load imposed during rapid spinal growth, yet Pakistani evidence linking the load children carry to both cervical posture and neck function is scarce. Objective: To determine the relative...
Evidence-Based Practice (EBP) is an important approach in nursing education and clinical practice because it helps nurses provide safe, effective, and patient-centered care by using the best available research evidence. Nursing students need adequate...
Background: Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) is widely used to assess long-term glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. However, average HbA1c may not fully reflect fluctuations in glucose control over time. Increasing evidence suggests...
Neuropathic pain remains one of the most refractory clinical syndromes in contemporary medicine, affecting an estimated 7–10% of the global population and representing a major unmet therapeutic challenge. Among the molecular mechanisms that underlie the...
Breast cancer represents a significant public health challenge in Pakistan, where delayed detection, inadequate screening infrastructure, diagnostic disparities, and limited access to personalized oncology services contribute to unfavorable clinical...
Antimicrobial resistance is now a leading infectious cause of death worldwide, and the small-molecule pipeline is not replacing the drugs it is eroding. Bacteriophages offer a self-amplifying, narrow-spectrum alternative unaffected by the mechanisms that...
Background: Malnutrition in early childhood can severely impair the development of the immune system, making infectious diseases more susceptible, but the clinical effect of subclinical nutritional deficits in the community is poorly studied....
Beta-thalassemia is a major inherited blood disorder that poses a significant global health burden, particularly in regions with high rates of consanguineous marriage such as Pakistan, where information on carrier frequency in rural communities remains...
Wastewater-impacted agricultural soils may harbor fungi capable of producing extracellular phosphatases that participate in organic phosphorus turnover. This study screened indigenous fungal isolates recovered from agricultural soils irrigated with...
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is the second most critical staple food and export commodity in Pakistan, cultivated on 2.50–2.74 million hectares with annual production of 6.00–6.80 million metric tons. However, the sector faces severe challenges from...
Most biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) contained in Streptomyces genomes are not expressed under commonly used laboratory conditions, and thus represent an enormous and largely unexplored source of new antibiotic scaffolds. Promoter replacement, regulator...
The fast arrival of intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) in preventive health gives new ways to spot disease early and give the right help. These tools can also make health gaps bigger when they learn from old data that is unfair. In this review we...
Background Stroke frequently results in persistent impairments in balance, gait, and functional mobility. Conventional rehabilitation primarily emphasizes single-task walking and functional exercises, whereas everyday walking commonly requires...
Depression is a complex mental disorder in which neuroinflammation may contribute to behavioral and neurobiological alterations. The present study investigated the potential anti-inflammatory and behavioral effects of cafestol and cafestol-loaded...
Gynaecological malignancies are a major health concern among women and often require complex surgical procedures for diagnosis and treatment. Identifying clinical and surgical factors associated with postoperative complications is important for improving...
Background : Natural products provide structurally diverse scaffolds for anticancer drug discovery, but single-stage virtual screening often overweights one imperfect scoring function and can produce unstable rankings. Objective : We...
Pakistan carries one of the heaviest antimicrobial resistance burdens in the world, and it is also the setting in which one of the clearest documented events in resistance evolution took place. This review assembles the Pakistani evidence base — national...
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have advanced the understanding of complex agronomic traits; however, their translation into practical crop improvement remains limited. This review provides a cross-crop synthesis of GWAS applications to identify...
Spatial decision ‑ making is essential for land use, natural resource management and environmental planning. However the usual Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are mainly descriptive and inventory ‑ focused which limits their ability to...
Background: Chemotherapy-associated cognitive impairment, or cognitive fatigue, is a persistent and disabling condition frequently reported by breast cancer survivors. Traditional interventions are largely limited, and raw botanical treatments are...
Background: Prediabetes is an early warning stage before type 2 diabetes mellitus. At this stage, blood glucose is raised but still not in the diabetic range. Vitamin D deficiency is also common in Pakistan, even in urban populations with good sunlight...
Inflammation-related gene expression may provide insights into breast cancer biology; however, bulk tissue measurements do not directly determine immune infiltration or pathway activation. This study compared selected inflammatory transcripts in breast...
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Background: The risk of Inferior alveolar nerve injury is the biggest risk factor in surgical extraction of mandibular third molars. A pre-operative assessment can minimize this issue greatly. The most widely used radiographic technique is OPG which due to...
Colorectal cancer (CRC) remains a major global health challenge, with disease outcomes largely dependent on early detection, accurate molecular characterization and effective therapeutic management. Conventional diagnostic approaches, including colonoscopy,...
Background: Stroke is a common reason for movement restrictions, including a limitation in life space. Life space is the area that a person goes across in a specific amount of time. In addition to clinical characteristics of stroke, we wanted to examine...
The presence of food and shelter in grain storage facilities may provide the necessary environment to support both the rodents and their ectoparasites and is associated with the presence of black rats (Rattus rattus). Ticks and fleas that are found on...
Stroke frequently leaves persistent limitations in mobility and balance that reduce independence in daily activities. A randomized controlled study that examined Progressive Task Specific Training (PTST) and Conventional Physical Therapy (CPT) for...
Background: β -thalassemia major ( β -TM) is an inherited disorder of β -globin synthesis that causes severe anemia and requires lifelong red cell transfusion. Repeated transfusion leads to iron overload that damages the liver and other...
Background UTIs are common clinical complications in women of childbearing age that impose a significant financial strain and quality of life on the healthcare system. Extent of association between pertinent family planning modalities and reduced...
Background : Pediatric mediastinal masses represent a diagnostically challenging entity due to their diverse etiologies and potential compromise of vital thoracic structures. Computed tomography (CT) is pivotal for anatomical characterization; however,...
For adults, having trouble reaching a level of mental effort may make screen viewing time more challenging due to these factors in adults: fatigue and forward head posture related to ADHD. This randomized controlled trial aimed to assess the effects of a...
Background. Depression and anxiety are the primary drivers of disability, and are primarily currently measured through episodic self-report. Smartphones and wearables track sleep, physical activity, mobility and device use, and continuously produce...
Background: Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder commonly associated with gait abnormalities, including reduced step length, decreased walking speed, impaired cadence, and gait asymmetry. Rhythmic auditory stimulation...
Background : Food-based interventions can be used alongside clinical interventions to manage anemia, but there is limited comparative human evidence for beetroot (Beta vulgaris), red beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) and water caltrop (Trapa natans). Research...
Background: Dentin hypersensitivity (DH) is a common dental condition causing sharp, transient pain in response to thermal, tactile, or chemical stimuli. Effective management of DH is important to improve patient comfort and oral hygiene. Calcium...
Parasitic and bacterial infections remain important public-health concerns and may cause serious systemic and neurological complications. Infections involving the central nervous system can result in seizures and acquired epilepsy, while traditional...
Background: The current classical cancer therapies are associated with systemic toxicity, damage to healthy tissues and drug resistance, and thus there is a high demand for targeted therapeutic agents with low toxicity. Recently, green nanotechnology has...
Malaria is still a serious public health concern in Pakistan, particularly in endemic districts such as Lower Dir. This systematic review investigates the malaria prevalence and its determinants. Following PRISMA guidelines, we searched...
Objective: To assess MRI-identified vertebral pathologies and their associations with age, while highlighting their potential clinical and psychosocial implications. ** Design: Cross sectional study. ** Place:...
Background: The educational environment shapes nursing students' satisfaction, engagement and academic performance, yet little is known about how it differs between public and private nursing institutions in Pakistan. Objective: To review...
HEC Y-Category Journal
